Advances in Vaccine Technology Its Commercial, Social and Economic Impacts

as a triggering point to showcase the global collective strength and expedited the unprecedented global efforts to design, develop and deploy vaccines in alarming situations. The chapters highlight the rapid evolution of vaccine technologies during the pandemic, with mRNA vaccines emerging as a transformative tool. Many authorised mRNA vaccines to combat SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated remarkable flexibility and efficacy, opening new vistas to address other neglected and reemerging diseases. The technical challenges of mRNA vaccine production including issues surrounding storage, delivery mechanisms, and equitable distribution, especially in low- and middle-income countries are also covered. In addition to the technical advancements, the work examines the challenges in mRNA vaccine production, like the logistics challenges of storage, delivery and equitable distribution in resource-limited areas. Supported by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), reverse vaccinology is revolutionising and

accelerating antigen discovery by squeezing the vaccine development timeline. AI and ML facilitate identifying novel antiviral candidates by using bigdata that is essential to timely and effectively counter the mutating pathogens like SARS-CoV-2. Vaccination campaigns protect the vulnerable population by promoting herd immunity and reduce strain on the healthcare systems. The chapters underscore the need for timely vaccine development and deployment as critical to reduce the socioeconomic impact of pandemics and safeguarding the global public health. The chapters collection also delves into the One Health paradigm that emphasises the interconnectedness of human, animal and the environmental health to address zoonotic and reverse zoonotic diseases which are becoming more prevalent. This holistic approach expands vaccination strategies to encompass animals, particularly the disease reservoirs, and stresses the need for a coordinated, equitable vaccination effort for human and animal populations to prevent

future pandemics

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